Vinyl ethers in ultraviolet curable formulations for step and flash imprint lithography

Until now, acrylates have been the monomers of choice for use for step and flash imprint lithography ~SFIL! etch barrier formulations, in part because of the commercial availability of silicon-containing acrylates ~necessary for etch resistance!, together with their low viscosities and capability for rapid photopolymerization. However, despite many desirable properties, the polymerization of acrylates via radical chain propagation causes some potential issues in the SFIL process as a result of the inhibition of these processes by oxygen. Vinyl ethers are prime candidates to replace acrylates. Their curing proceeds by a cationic mechanism, which is insensitive to oxygen and very rapid, while the vinyl ether group contribution to viscosity is significantly lower than that of an acrylate, silicon-containing vinyl ethers are not widely commercially available, and so were synthesized for this study. As expected, formulations based on these vinyl ethers were lower viscosity and faster curing than the acrylate etch barrier formulations presently employed, while the tensile strength of cured vinyl ether formulations were found to be higher than their acrylate counterparts. In spite of about twice higher template separation force compared with acrylates, the tensile strength of vinyl ether etch barrier formulations is about five times higher than that of acrylate formulations. Therefore, these vinyl ether-based formulations were used to pattern down to 50 nm features using the SFIL process. © 2004 American Vacuum Society. @DOI: 10.1116/1.1635849#